SQL Server

Well, that’s a rather contentious title. There are probably several people shaking their heads at this point. Let me explain.

I was listening to a podcast with Kimberly Tripp this morning, and she mentioned this briefly. I thought it would be a good discussion to end a short series on indexes and selectivity.

The Clustered Index

A clustered index has to be unique, because the clustering key acts as the row’s location in the table. If the index is not defined as unique, SQL will make it unique by adding a uniquifier, a 4-byte integer that’s hidden behind the scenes and is added when necessary to make the clustered index unique.

It’s not documented anywhere clearly, but it is mentioned in a couple of places. From msdn:

If the clustered index is not a unique index, SQL Server makes any duplicate keys unique by adding an internally generated value called a uniqueifier. This four-byte value is not visible to users. It is only added when required to make the clustered key unique for use in nonclustered indexes. SQL Server retrieves the data row by searching the clustered index using the clustered index key stored in the leaf row of the nonclustered index.

So all clustered indexes are unique.

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So, following on from my post last week, I’m going to take a look at how selectivity and index column order affect inequality predicates.

One thing to note straight off is that the selectivity of a column is much less important for inequality predicates than it was for equality. For equality predicates, the selectivity alone can give a reasonable idea of the number of rows a particular predicate will return. That’s not the case with inequalities. Also, with inequality predicates, the order of columns in the index becomes very important.

One of the most important considerations with inequality predicates is the number of rows that the predicate will return. An identity column may be highly selective, but if the filter is for all rows > 0 and the identity values start t one, then an index on that column is not going to be very useful.

The other consideration when there are inequality predicates is that only that column and columns to the left of it in the index key can be used for index seeks. Any columns to the right of the column with the inequality is no longer eligible for seeking.

To explain with an example, consider our hypothetical table from the previous post (with one small change):

CREATE TABLE ConsideringIndexOrder (
ID INT,
SomeString VARCHAR (100),
SomeDate DATETIME DEFAULT GETDATE()
);  

The same as previously, there’s a single nonclustered index on all three columns, in the order ID, SomeDate, SomeString.

If there’s an inequality predicate, then then the index is only fully seekable for the following queries
…  WHERE ID = @ID AND SomeDate = @dt AND SomeString > @str
…  WHERE ID = @ID AND SomeDate > @dt
…  WHERE ID > @ID

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Or “Which column goes first?”

There’s a common piece of advice given about columns in an index key that says that the most selective column should go first. I’m not going to say that’s incorrect, because it’s not. The problem is that it’s often given without any explanation as to why the most selective column should go first, nor are the other considerations for index key order mentioned.

This can lead to misunderstandings like, in the extreme case, where one person after hearing that advice went and added the primary key column as the leading column of every single nonclustered index (because it’s highly selective), and then wondered why his database performance decreased dramatically.

The comment about selectivity is because of the way SQL keeps statistics on indexes (see my post on statistics for more info on what they are). SQL only keeps the histogram for the first column of the index. That means that it only knows the actual distribution of values of the first column. If the first column is not selective, the index may not be used. However, that’s not the whole story.

SQL also, in addition to the histogram, keeps density values for all of the left-based subsets of the index keys. So, for a 3 column index key, SQL knows the density of the first column, of the first and second and of all three. The density is, in a nutshell, a value that shows how unique the set of columns is. It’s 1/(distinct values). The value can be seen for any index using DBCC Show_Statistics with the DENSITY_VECTOR option.

This means, while SQL only knows the actual data distribution of the first column, it does know, on average, how many rows will be returned by an equality match on any left-based subset of the index keys

So, what’s my rule for the order of columns in an index key? Put the most selective columns first, when all other considerations are equal.

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One very common question that I see on the forums is on index seeks and index scans. A query is resulting in a table/clustered index scan, even though there’s an index on one or more of the columns been searched on.

One of the more common reasons that this happens is because the index in question is not covering, and SQL has determined that the cost of doing the lookups to fetch the extra columns is higher than the cost of scanning the entire table.

If an index does not cover a query, then bookmark lookups are required to get the additional columns, bookmark lookups are run one row at a time, and are seeks on the clustered index. Hence it’s clear that bookmark lookups on a large number of rows are exceedingly expensive and that is why SQL will switch to a clustered index/table scan when lookups are required on a significant percentage of the rows in the table.

So, what constitutes a significant percentage of the rows in the table? 50%? 20%? 10%?

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